纺织工业废水(shui)排放现状

纺织(zhi)工业(ye)(ye)(ye)是中国(guo)传统支柱产(chan)(chan)业(ye)(ye)(ye)和重要民(min)生(sheng)产(chan)(chan)业(ye)(ye)(ye)，同时(shi)(shi)也是具(ju)有明显国(guo)际竞争优势(shi)和比(bi)较优势(shi)的(de)工业(ye)(ye)(ye)产(chan)(chan)业(ye)(ye)(ye)，纺织(zhi)工业(ye)(ye)(ye)由于其生(sheng)产(chan)(chan)过程用水量(liang)大(da)，废水排放(fang)也较大(da)，同时(shi)(shi)其生(sheng)产(chan)(chan)过程中使(shi)用原料成(cheng)分复杂使(shi)得纺织(zhi)业(ye)(ye)(ye)一直也是工业(ye)(ye)(ye)排污重点行业(ye)(ye)(ye)。近年(nian)来，纺织(zhi)行业(ye)(ye)(ye)用水和废水排放(fang)一直维(wei)持在较高的(de)水平(ping)，其行业(ye)(ye)(ye)用水总(zong)(zong)量(liang)占工业(ye)(ye)(ye)用水总(zong)(zong)量(liang)6%左右，废水排放(fang)占工业(ye)(ye)(ye)废水排放(fang)约11%，其中化学需氧量(liang)(COD)排放(fang)占工业(ye)(ye)(ye)COD排放(fang)10%左右。

近十几年(nian)(nian)来(lai)，中(zhong)国纺织(zhi)业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)废(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)占(zhan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)比(bi)例(li)(li)和(he)(he)主要污染(ran)物COD排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)占(zhan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)比(bi)例(li)(li)均高(gao)于其用(yong)水(shui)(shui)比(bi)例(li)(li)，其治理难度高(gao)于一般工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)污水(shui)(shui)治理水(shui)(shui)平。2014年(nian)(nian)，纺织(zhi)行业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)达到(dao)86.47亿(yi)t，占(zhan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)总量(liang)的6.39%。而其废(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)达到(dao)25.38亿(yi)t，废(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)COD排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)达到(dao)30.69万t，分别占(zhan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)废(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)12.56%和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)废(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)COD排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)的11.18%。据2014年(nian)(nian)国家环保部的调查，在41个主要工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)行业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)，纺织(zhi)废(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)排(pai)名第三(san)位，而其中(zhong)印染(ran)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)过(guo)程产(chan)生(sheng)的废(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)占(zhan)纺织(zhi)废(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)量(liang)的七成以上。纺织(zhi)业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)废(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)前5位的省份依(yi)次是浙江、江苏、广(guang)东(dong)、山东(dong)和(he)(he)福建。这5个省份纺织(zhi)业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)废(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)量(liang)达到(dao)16.3亿(yi)t，占(zhan)该行业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)重点调查工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企业(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)废(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)量(liang)的83%。

总体来看，纺(fang)织行业废水量大(da)，治理(li)难度较高，主(zhu)要(yao)集聚(ju)在(zai)沿海水资源丰沛地(di)区，如果(guo)治理(li)不当(dang)，将会给周边自然环境(jing)和人民生活带来严重的威胁(xie)。